Sprint planning gets the attention. Retrospectives get the emotion. The daily standup gets the complaints. Backlog refinement — the ongoing work of clarifying, estimating, and ordering items before they are pulled into a sprint — is the practice that determines whether any of the other ceremonies will function. A team that arrives at sprint planning with a well-refined backlog can complete planning in under an hour. Stories are understood, sized, and ready.

Most agile teams have a definition of done. Fewer have a definition of ready. The asymmetry is understandable — done is where accountability lives, where the increment is evaluated, where quality is enforced — but the absence of a ready definition pushes unresolved questions into the sprint, where they are more expensive to answer. A definition of ready is an agreement about what a story must have before it can be pulled into a sprint.